This article addresses some critical aspects of the relationship between aesthetic medicine (AM) and ethics and proposes a possible deontological ethical line to pursue based on current practices. The role of AM has always been controversial and suffers from unclear practical and moral boundaries, even within academic settings, since it aims to improve the appearance of individuals, not to cure a disease. Today, it is essential and pertinent to discuss these issues, as AM specialists are dealing with a growing and (...) increasingly demanding patient population that has undergone profound evolution in recent years. Current challenges within the field of AM include a lack of global uniformity concerning the education of AM specialists, an increasing number of physicians practicing AM with diverse training backgrounds, the spread of AM being practiced outside of medical practice or hospital settings, and the influence of social media where the success is modelled and dictated by the identification of a youthful appearance). By the field of action enriched by technologies that aim not only at enhancement per se but also at the preservation and regeneration of tissues, it is necessary to establish an active multidisciplinary discussion on the definition of shared ethical limits. This discussion would allow AM to fully reclaim its identity as a specialty that aims to improve patient well-being whilst maintaining respect for patient aesthetic harmony, the expertise of specialists who practice AM, the essential role of safety, and awareness of the importance of a confidential doctor−patient relationship. (shrink)

Il pensatore domenicano Francesco da Prato, attivo nel secondo quarto del XIV sec. tra Perugia, Siena e Firenze, rappresenta una delle prime testimonianze in Italia della ricezione di Ockham e di reazione tomista alla sua logica. Lo studio si articola in due sezioni: nella prima l'A. esamina la dottrina della significazione nelle fonti principali degli scritti di logica di Francesco: Tommaso d'Aquino, Herveus Natalis e Guglielmo di Ockham; nella seconda analizza la posizione di Francesco in scritti trasmessi nei seguenti (...) mss: Firenze, BNC., Conv. Soppr. J.5.31 ; Conv. Soppr. B.3.173 e Roma, Bibl. Angelica 1053. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 22 Heft: 2 Seiten: 392-405.

Name der Zeitschrift: Frühmittelalterliche Studien Jahrgang: 49 Heft: 1 Seiten: 165-202.

O objeto da reflexão, neste artigo, são as propostas curriculares veiculadas a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, no Brasil e na Argentina. A questão que se coloca é perceber quais os conteúdos que estão incluídos sobre a América Latina, nestas propostas curriculares, se há semelhanças e diferenças entre estes documentos e se os conteúdos veiculados nas propostas curriculares implantadas a partir de 1995, nestes dois países, refletem as mudanças no ensino de história, sugeridas pelo MERCOSUL Educacional. O texto (...) foi dividido em dois subtemas, sendo que no primeiro, estão dispostos os dados referentes à América Latina no ensino secundário das propostas curriculares veiculadas nos séculos XIX até a década de 1980, do século XX e no segundo, são trazidos os conteúdos da América Latina que estão propostos para o sétimo e o oitavo anos, nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, do Brasil e para o oitavo e nonos anos, nos Contenidos Básicos Comunes, da Argentina. Foi possível concluir que o lugar da América Latina foi bastante escasso, inclusive no contexto em que ascenderam suas preocupações com o nacionalismo. No caso do Brasil, o currículo foi fabricado de modo a tanto valorizar a história europeia e estadunidense, como modelo a ser seguido, e, num segundo plano, a valorizar a sua própria história. Esta lógica foi igualmente percebida na Argentina, que tinha a sua história como apêndice de uma história universal, privilegiando o olhar sobre o Estado, excluindo os conteúdos sobre a América Latina. Já as propostas curriculares veiculadas a partir de 1995, no Brasil e na Argentina, apresentaram mais permanências do que mudanças, uma vez que colocaram os conteúdos da História da América Latina na condição de ser a sobremesa de um menu, cujo prato principal ainda é a história europeia. Palavras-chave: Ensino de História da América. Mercosul Educacional. Propostas curriculares. (shrink)

Knowledge about eating habits is relevant for understanding the relations between diet, obesity and development of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. The storage of calories as body fat, mainly in the visceral subcutaneous adipose tissue, as consequence of hypercaloric diet poor in nutrients, is responsible for increasing sublinic inflammation and overloading the immune system. Diet plays an important role in reducing inflammation. In time of infectious pandemia, of the new corona virus (COVID-19), the food quality and nutritional status of Brazilians may interfere (...) in fighting this infection. Based on the literature, this article aims to discuss the Brazilians eating habbits and nutritional status. The data shows that Brazilian are gainning weight and tend to a diet poor in nutrient intake. Consequently this scenario favors the subclinical inflammation and the weakness of the immune response. We suggest that Brazilian Health Authorities pay attention to this issue. (shrink)

Franciscus de Prato hat sich immer wieder mit der Philosophie Ockhams auseinandergesetzt. Diese Arbeit zeigt auf, wie bedeutsam fur beide Philosophen die Sprachtheorie ist. Der Angelpunkt ist dabei die Annahme entweder eines Satzes im Geiste oder einer Proposition, die aus Dingen besteht. Diese Entscheidung wirkt sich dann auf verschiedenste Gebiete der Philosophie aus. Am Beispiel der Kategorienlehre wird dies deutlich: Kategorien sind Aussagbares. In Satzen aussagbar sind aber fur Ockham nur mentale Begriffe, keine Dinge. Also ist fur ihn die (...) Kategorienordnung keine Ordnung von extramentalen Dingen, sondern nur von mentalen Zeichen. Anders Franciscus: Fur ihn sind Gegenstande, nicht Zeichen primar aussagbar. Also ist fur ihn die kategoriale Ordnung eine reale Hierarchie. Welches Licht wirft diese Auseinandersetzung auf das Verstandnis der Philosophie Ockhams und der des Franciscus? Weitaus wichtiger als der universalientheoretische Unterschied zwischen Nominalismus und Realismus ist fur beide Denker ihre satztheoretische Ausrichtung. Ausgezeichnet mit dem Preis an Studierende der Ruhr-Universitat Bochum. (shrink)

Em um momento no qual o futuro da alimentação se tornou um desafio global, o artigo busca refletir sobre as formas pelas quais práticas midiáticas – considerando, em especial, o jornalismo – enquadram e posicionam-se em relação aos conflitos e mutações em curso no campo alimentar. Elegendo a quinta temporada do podcast Prato Cheio como corpus de análise, a pesquisa propõe dois movimentos analíticos: (1) mapeamento dos enquadramentos do campo alimentar a partir das posições sociais representadas nos episódios; e (...) (2) identificação das estratégias discursivas pelas quais diferentes vozes sociais são integradas ao podcast. Como principal conclusão, observa-se que Prato Cheio estabelece um diálogo estreito com discursividades de ativismos alimentares emergentes, constituindo um contraponto aos quadros dominantes no jornalismo de alimentação. (shrink)

L'A. si occupa della ricezione della logica occamista, soprattutto in Stefano da Reate , dedicata in grande parte alla confutazione della nova loyca, rappresentata soprattutto dalla Summa logicae di Ockham. Stefano informa anche sulla grande presenza presso i Domenicani del commento di Pietro d'Alvernia all'Isagoge di Porfirio oltre allo Scriptum super Artem veterem di Graziadei da Ascoli. Accanto a questi testi sono utilizzati anche il Tractatus de sencundis intentionibus e i Quodlibeta di Erveo Natale. L'A. esamina un caso esemplare del (...) dibattito tra Ockham e i Domenicani italiani riguardante la natura del genere. Esiste solo un altro caso di rifiuto del pensiero occamista, quello della Loyca di Francesco da Prato. Francesco e Stefano mostrano di essere soprattutto interessati alla confutazione del programma riduzionista di Ockham. L'A. prende in esame l'interpretazione di Francesco e Stefano sull'Isagoge di Porfirio. (shrink)

Os últimos textos de Althusser defendem a existência de um materialismo chamado materialismo do encontro ou aleatório. Esse materialismo se distingue do idealismo, do materialismo da necessidade e do materialismo dialético. Ele recusa as noções de Origem, de Fim, de Sujeito, a teleologia, o princípio de razão e recusa a negatividade dialética e a contradição. Recorrendo ao léxico de Epicuro-Lucrécio, ele coloca a contingência dos encontros que constituem o mundo (a história, as instituições, os dispositivos). Fortemente inspirado por Maquiavel, Althusser (...) coloca esse materialismo “sob a conjuntura” que abre o pensamento a seu exterior (as lutas de classe). Ele decorre de novas categorias, o vazio, o centro e suas margens, o encontro, os deslocamentos, o todo sob a contingência. Quero mostrar que esse materialismo é mais do que um novo materialismo. Aanalisando a metáfora do “prato” utilizada por Althusser, compreendo que ele constitue uma lógica para o materialismo e para o marxismo, apartada de suas teses necessitaristas. (shrink)

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar e propor um modelo matemático de otimização voltado para a identificação de cardápios formados por refeições diárias capazes de atender aos parâmetros nutricionais estabelecidos por profissionais de nutrição, identificando composições saudáveis entre pratos principais e acompanhamentos, gastronomicamente harmonizados e diversificados, e ainda, ao menor custo possível (custo mínimo). Com base em um problema de programação linear binário, no qual assumiu-se o valor 1 (um) para as combinações de receitas de pratos (principal e acompanhamento) a (...) serem utilizados na composição das refeições de dietas nutricionalmente parametrizadas e, consequentemente, na formação do cardápio mensal, ou valor 0 (zero) em caso contrário, a aplicação computacional do modelo proposto, baseada em dados reais, resultou na composição de uma dieta formada por combinações de receitas de pratos saudáveis, segundo os parâmetros nutricionais e gastronômicos estabelecidos, e ainda, que permitissem diversificar o respectivo cardápio e apurar o menor custo total possível para a referida dieta. (shrink)

Como é sabido, comida e eros são duas fontes de prazer, indissociavelmente ligadas. Não é uma coincidência que o termo ‘apetite’ denota tanto a sensação que acompanha a necessidade de se alimentar, como, em geral, a tendência natural para satisfazer os desejos físicos e especialmente sexuais. Os prazeres do paladar, bem como os sexuais, estão em grande parte relacionados com multissensorialidade que os perpassa. São, portanto, experiências totalizantes, prazeres difusos que satisfazem todos os nossos sentidos, contribuindo de modo nada trivial (...) à obtenção da vida feliz para a qual temos uma vocação inata. Os sentidos mais “carnais”, em especial o gosto – o sentido mais sinestésico – juntamente ao olfato, são os mais envolvidos na mesa assim como na cama. Funções essenciais para a sobrevivência dos indivíduos e para a preservação de todas as espécies animais, comer e se reproduzir foram transformadas pelo animal humano em duas atividades espécie-específicas: o erotismo e a gastronomia. E, portanto, em fontes de prazer longe de ser instintivo, no qual também a linguagem desempenha um papel considerável. As saborosas descrições de um prato são parte integrante da sua apreciação e do prazer que derivamos do seu consumo e da sua partilha, exatamente como o são as palavras sussurradas durante uma festa de amor. Cientes da dificuldade imposta por um tema sobre o qual se disse e se escreveu de tudo, neste artigo tentaremos descrever o papel dos sentidos “carnais”, e do gosto em particular, nas duas experiências mais sensuais e totalizantes que definem a “boa vida” para a qual estamos naturalmente inclinados. Palavras-chave: Gosto. Comida. Prazer. Eros. Multisensorialidade. (shrink)

This Is A New Release Of The Original 1814 Edition.

Cet article analyse le rôle croissant, la signification et la fonction d’une couche logicielle intermédiaire : les intergiciels en tant que technologie de base dans un environnement en évolution rapide. Il montre leur rôle clé dans une nouvelle ère de moteurs modulaires.This article analyses the increasing role, significance and function of “middleware”, the intermediate software layer that drives interactive gaming, as a fundamental technology in a rapidly evolving environment, to illustrate its key role in the new age of modular game (...) engines. (shrink)

The essay describes, on the one hand, how much technical and scientific knowledge played an important role in Leopardi’s formation—demonstrated in the first place by the Dissertazioni filosofiche and Storia dell’Astronomia—and, on the other hand, highlights how they then influenced his philosophical reflection represented both by his materialist conception of man, and by the thoughts on language in a unitary vision of man and of his expressive abilities. As regards this last area, we have concentrated our analysis on two fundamental (...) themes: 1. the distinction between words and terms; 2. the dialectical conception of language that holds together apparently antithetical aspects, such as those of vagueness and semantic uniqueness or beauty and usefulness. (shrink)

This essay draws on comparative ethnographic material from Albania and Italy. It addresses different forms of corruption, arguing that in order to understand the way in which phenomena such as corruption occur and are experienced in any given society, we should contextualize them in the historical and cultural traditions of that specific society. In doing so, however, we should be alert in avoiding falling into the trap of either moral relativism or cultural determinism. The essay suggests that an anthropological analysis (...) of corruption should distinguish between legal rules and social norms. In particular, the empirical study of such norms helps to understand the meanings—both individual and inter-subjective—that actors give to the social and political situation in which they operate. (shrink)

The argument developed in this article originates from the reflection that what constitutes a city or what is meant by urban are differently understood in different parts of the world and by different scholars. Thus, I first address the problematic of incommensurability. I argue that this key issue in the philosophy of science is central to how the debate on urban anthropology has developed. Then I ask whether this problematic extends to cross-disciplinary debate among the contemporary social sciences and what (...) relevance the resulting understanding of the city has outside the academic world. I maintain that social analysis should endeavour to bring out the political, economic, and socio-cultural complexity of urban life. Having carried out research in urban Europe, I offer an analysis of the city that encompasses the meaning of urbs, polis, and civitas. Finally, I discuss the epistemological significance of urban ethnography, drawing on my field research in Brindisi, a South-Italian city. (shrink)

This collection brings together a strong ethnographic and theoretical field. The volume includes chapters that address issues of identity formation and change in relation to ‘educational’ political projects and politically coloured notions of citizenship. Drawing on their different ethnographies and on comparative analysis, the contributors address the problematic of the relationship between rulers and the ruled and between élite and non-élite groups, critically raising issues of legitimacy and responsibility in the management of power and political decision-making. The empirically based analyses (...) offered here graphically demonstrate that urban issues are at the forefront of political and social debates. More specifically, the contributors address, from different perspectives, the more or less successful attempts of the state to legitimise its approach and authority through urban policies. A collective reading of the chapters provides a powerful analytical framework for the study of the processes that underlie ideologically biased definitions of citizenship and of their effects on urban dynamics. (shrink)

In a recent opinion paper, it was argued that individuals with multiple retractions or a record of academic misconduct should not serve as editors, including as editors-in-chief, on the editorial boards of scholarly or academic journals. As a first step towards appreciating how such a policy could be applied in practice, the presence of 30 individuals listed on the Retraction Watch Leaderboard on editorial boards was screened. Six cases are highlighted to gain an appreciation of the potential reputational risks that (...) journals and publishers might incur by including individuals with a tainted academic record on editorial boards. Given the reputational, legal and other risks associated with this type of assessment and decision, more formal positioning and guidance are needed by global ethics policy-related bodies such as COPE, the ICMJE, and the CSE, even more so in journals that claim to follow these organizations’ ethical guidelines. (shrink)

The aim of this article is to discuss the extent to which certain substructural logics are related through the phenomenon of duality. Roughly speaking, metainferences are inferences between collect...

The aim of this article is to study the notion of derivability and its semantic counterpart in the context of non-transitive and non-reflexive substructural logics. For this purpose we focus on the study cases of the logics _S__T_ and _T__S_. In this respect, we show that this notion doesn’t coincide, in general, with a nowadays broadly used semantic approach towards metainferential validity: the notion of local validity. Following this, and building on some previous work by Humberstone, we prove that in (...) these systems derivability can be characterized in terms of a notion we call absolute global validity. However, arriving at these results doesn’t lead us to disregard local validity. First, because we discuss the conditions under which local, and also global validity, can be expected to coincide with derivability. Secondly, because we show how taking into account certain families of valuations can be useful to describe derivability for different calculi used to present _S__T_ and _T__S_. (shrink)

Our main goal is to investigate whether the infinitary rules for the quantifiers endorsed by Elia Zardini in a recent paper are plausible. First, we will argue that they are problematic in several ways, especially due to their infinitary features. Secondly, we will show that even if these worries are somehow dealt with, there is another serious issue with them. They produce a truth-theoretic paradox that does not involve the structural rules of contraction.

In recent years, some theorists have argued that the clogics are not only defined by their inferences, but also by their metainferences. In this sense, logics that coincide in their inferences, but not in their metainferences were considered to be different. In this vein, some metainferential logics have been developed, as logics with metainferences of any level, built as hierarchies over known logics, such as \, and \. What is distinctive of these metainferential logics is that they are mixed, i.e. (...) the standard for the premises and the conclusion is not necessarily the same. However, so far, all of these systems have been presented following a semantical standpoint, in terms of valuations based on the Strong Kleene truth-tables. In this article, we provide sound and complete sequent-calculi for the valid inferences and the invalid inferences of the logics \ and \, and introduce an algorithm that allows obtaining sound and complete sequent-calculi for the global validities and the global invalidities of any metainferential logic of any level. (shrink)

This article is concerned with an exploration of a family of systems—called immune logics—that arise from certain dualizations of the well-known family of infectious logics. The distinctive feature of the semantic of infectious logics is the presence of a certain “infectious” semantic value, by which two different though equivalent things are meant. On the one hand, it is meant that these values are zero elements for all the operations in the underlying algebraic structure. On the other hand, it is meant (...) that these values behave in a value-in-value-out fashion for all the operations in the underlying algebraic structure. Thus, in a rather informal manner, we will refer to immune logics as those systems whose underlying semantics count with a certain “immune” semantic value behaving in a way that is somewhat dual to that of the infectious values. In a more formal manner, carrying out this dualization will prove to be not as straightforward as one could imagine, since the two characterizations of infectiousness discussed above lead to two different outcomes when one tries to conduct them. We explore these alternatives and provide technical results regarding them, and the various logical systems defined using such semantics. (shrink)

The purpose of the present paper is to consider the traditional interpretive problems of quantum mechanics from the viewpoint of a modal ontology of properties. In particular, we will try to delineate a quantum ontology that (i) is modal, because describes the structure of the realm of possibility, and (ii) lacks the ontological category of individual. The final goal is to supply an adequate account of quantum non-individuality on the basis of this ontology.

This article aims to dualize several results concerning various types (including possibly Cut-free and Identity-free systems) of canonical multiple-conclusion sequent calculi, i.e. Gentzen-style deduction systems for sequents, equipped with well-behaved forms of left and right introduction rules for logical expressions. In this opportunity, we focus on a different kind of calculi that we dub cocanonical, that is, Gentzen-style deduction systems for sequents, equipped with well-behaved forms of left and right elimination rules for logical expressions. These systems, simply put, have rules (...) that proceed from sequents featuring complex formulas to sequents featuring their component subformulas. Our main goals are to prove soundness and completeness results for the target systems’ consequence relations in terms of their characteristic 3- or 4-valued non-deterministic matrices. (shrink)

In the first year of the twentieth century, in Gottingen, Husserl delivered two talks dealing with a problem that proved central in his philosophical development, that of imaginary elements in mathematics. In order to solve this problem Husserl introduced a logical notion, called “definiteness”, and variants of it, that are somehow related, he claimed, to Hilbert’s notions of completeness. Many different interpretations of what precisely Husserl meant by this notion, and its relations with Hilbert’s ones, have been proposed, but no (...) consensus has been reached. In this paper I approach this question afresh and thoroughly, taking into consideration not only the relevant texts and context, as others have also done before, but, more importantly, Husserl’s philosophy, his intuition-based epistemology in particular. Based on a system of clearly defined concepts that I here present, I reinforce an interpretation—definiteness as a form of syntactic completeness—that has, I believe, some advantages vis-à-vis alternative interpretations. It is in conformity with the available texts; it makes clear that Husserl’s notion of definiteness is indeed close to Hilbert’s notions of completeness; it solves the important problem of imaginaries for which it was created; and last, but not least, it fits naturally into Husserl’s system of concepts and ideas. (shrink)

This monograph offers a fresh perspective on the applicability of mathematics in science. It explores what mathematics must be so that its applications to the empirical world do not constitute a mystery. In the process, readers are presented with a new version of mathematical structuralism. The author details a philosophy of mathematics in which the problem of its applicability, particularly in physics, in all its forms can be explained and justified. Chapters cover: mathematics as a formal science, mathematical ontology: what (...) does it mean to exist, mathematical structures: what are they and how do we know them, how different layers of mathematical structuring relate to each other and to perceptual structures, and how to use mathematics to find out how the world is. The book simultaneously develops along two lines, both inspired and enlightened by Edmund Husserl’s phenomenological philosophy. One line leads to the establishment of a particular version of mathematical structuralism, free of “naturalist” and empiricist bias. The other leads to a logical-epistemological explanation and justification of the applicability of mathematics carried out within a unique structuralist perspective. This second line points to the “unreasonable” effectiveness of mathematics in physics as a means of representation, a tool, and a source of not always logically justified but useful and effective heuristic strategies. (shrink)

Many believe the existence of a moral right to some good should lead to recognition of a corresponding legal right to that good. If, for instance, there is a moral right to healthcare, it is natural to believe countries should recognize a legal right to healthcare. This article demonstrates that justifying legal rights to healthcare is more difficult than many assume. The existence of a moral right is insufficient to justify recognition of a corresponding justiciable constitutional right. Further conditions on (...) when it is appropriate to recognize constitutional rights are rarely satisfied in the healthcare case. And focusing on aspirational or statutory rights presents costs for those seeking to justify legal rights on the basis of corresponding moral ones while maintaining empirical challenges for justifying constitutional rights. This suggests movement from a moral right to a corresponding legal one is far from straightforward and justifies examining alternative means of realizing moral socio‐economic rights such as the proposed moral right to healthcare. (shrink)

Edward Nieznański developed two logical systems to deal with the problem of evil and to refute religious determinism. However, when formalized in first-order modal logic, two axioms of each system contradict one another, revealing that there is an underlying minimal set of axioms enough to settle the questions. In this article, we develop this minimal system, called N3, which is based on Nieznański’s contribution. The purpose of N3 is to solve the logical problem of evil through the defeat of a (...) version of religious determinism. On the one hand, these questions are also addressed by Nieznański’s systems, but, on the other hand, they are obtained in N3 with fewer assumptions. Our approach can be considered a case of logic of religion, that is, of logic applied to religious discourse, as proposed by Józef Maria Bocheński; in this particular case, it is a discourse in theodicy, which is situated in the context of the philosophy of religion. (shrink)

Abstract A general framework is proposed for accommodating the recent results of studies into ?natural? decision making. A crucial element of this framework is the notion of a ?partial structure?, recently introduced into the semantic approach to scientific theories. It is through the introduction of this element that connections can be made with certain problems regarding inconsistency and rationality in general.

We apply the recently elaborated notions of 'pragmatic truth' and 'pragmatic probability' to the problem of the construction of a logic of inductive inference. It is argued that the system outlined here is able to overcome many of the objections usually levelled against such attempts. We claim, furthermore, that our view captures the essentially cumulative nature of science and allows us to explain why it is indeed reasonable to accept and believe in the conclusions reached by inductive inference.